mem-cache: Accuracy-based rate control for prefetchers

Added a mechanism to control the number of prefetches generated
based in the effectiveness of the prefetches generated so far.

Change-Id: I33af82546f74a5b5ab372c28574b76dd9a1bd46a
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/public/gem5/+/18808
Tested-by: kokoro <noreply+kokoro@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Carvalho <odanrc@yahoo.com.br>
Maintainer: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>

mem-cache: Support for page crossing prefetches

Prefetchers can now issue hardware prefetch requests that go beyond
the boundaries of the system page. Page crossing references will need
to look up the TLBs to be able to compute the physical address to be
prefetched.

Change-Id: Ib56374097e3b7dc87414139d210ea9272f96b06b
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/public/gem5/+/14620
Maintainer: Jason Lowe-Power <jason@lowepower.com>
Tested-by: kokoro <noreply+kokoro@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>

mem-cache: Add multi-prefetcher adaptor

This patch adds a meta-prefetcher that enables gem5's cache models to
connect to multiple prefetchers. Sub-prefetchers still use the
probes-based interface and training can be controlled
independently. However, when the cache requests a prefetch packet, the
adaptor traverses the priority list of prefetchers and uses the first
prefetcher that is able to generate a prefetch.

Kudos to Mitch Hayenga for the original version of this patch.

Change-Id: I25569a834997e5404c7183ec995d212912c5dcdf
Signed-off-by: Andreas Sandberg <andreas.sandberg@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/public/gem5/+/18868
Reviewed-by: Daniel Carvalho <odanrc@yahoo.com.br>
Maintainer: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>
Tested-by: kokoro <noreply+kokoro@google.com>

mem-cache: Use SatCounter for prefetchers

Many prefetchers re-implement saturating counters with ints. Make
them use SatCounters instead.

Added missing operators and constructors to SatCounter for that to
be possible and their respective tests.

Change-Id: I36f10c89c27c9b3d1bf461e9ea546920f6ebb888
Signed-off-by: Daniel <odanrc@yahoo.com.br>
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/public/gem5/+/17995
Tested-by: kokoro <noreply+kokoro@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Javier Bueno Hedo <javier.bueno@metempsy.com>
Maintainer: Jason Lowe-Power <jason@lowepower.com>

mem-cache: Fix PIF prefetcher compilation error with NULL ISA

Referencing BaseCPU is causing a compilation error when using the NULL ISA.
This patch changes the reference to a SimObject, which fixes the problem.

Change-Id: I2530486cab65974f5b83e54a733c4b0e98730d26
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/public/gem5/+/17731
Reviewed-by: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>
Maintainer: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>

mem-cache: Proactive Instruction Fetch Implementation

Ferdman, M., Kaynak, C., & Falsafi, B. (2011, December).
Proactive instruction fetch. In Proceedings of the 44th Annual IEEE/ACM
International Symposium on Microarchitecture (pp. 152-162). ACM.

Change-Id: I38c3ab30a94ab279f03e3d5936ce8ed118310c0e
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/public/gem5/+/16968
Reviewed-by: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Carvalho <odanrc@yahoo.com.br>
Maintainer: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>

mem-cache: Added the STeMS prefetcher

Reference:
Stephen Somogyi, Thomas F. Wenisch, Anastasia Ailamaki, and
Babak Falsafi. 2009. Spatio-temporal memory streaming.
In Proceedings of the 36th annual international symposium on
Computer architecture (ISCA '09). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 69-80.

Change-Id: I58cea1a7faa9391f8aa4469eb4973feabd31097a
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/public/gem5/+/16423
Reviewed-by: Daniel Carvalho <odanrc@yahoo.com.br>
Maintainer: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>

mem-cache: Added the Indirect Memory Prefetcher

Reference:
Xiangyao Yu, Christopher J. Hughes, Nadathur Satish, and Srinivas Devadas.
2015. IMP: indirect memory prefetcher. In Proceedings of the 48th
International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO-48). ACM,
New York, NY, USA, 178-190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2830772.2830807

Change-Id: I52790f69c13ec55b8c1c8b9396ef9a1fb1be9797
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/public/gem5/+/16223
Reviewed-by: Daniel Carvalho <odanrc@yahoo.com.br>
Reviewed-by: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>
Maintainer: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>

mem-cache: Sandbox Based Optimal Offset Implementation

Brown, N. T., & Sendag, R. Sandbox Based Optimal Offset Estimation.

Change-Id: Ieb693b6b2c3d8bdfb6948389ca10e92c85454862
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/15095
Reviewed-by: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Carvalho <odanrc@yahoo.com.br>
Maintainer: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>

mem-cache: A Best-Offset Prefetcher

Michaud, P. (2015, June). A best-offset prefetcher.
In 2nd Data Prefetching Championship.

Change-Id: I61bb89ca5639356d54aeb04e856d5bf6e8805c22
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/14820
Reviewed-by: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>
Maintainer: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>

mem-cache: Added the Slim AMPM Prefetcher

Reference:
Towards Bandwidth-Efficient Prefetching with Slim AMPM.
Young, V., & Krishna, A. (2015). The 2nd Data Prefetching Championship.

Slim AMPM is composed of two prefetchers, the DPCT and the AMPM (both already
in gem5).

Change-Id: I6e868faf216e3e75231cf181d59884ed6f0d382a
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/16383
Reviewed-by: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>
Maintainer: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>

mem-cache: Irregular Stream Buffer Prefetcher

Based in the description of the following publication:
Akanksha Jain and Calvin Lin. 2013. Linearizing irregular memory accesses
for improved correlated prefetching. In Proceedings of the 46th Annual
IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO-46). ACM,
New York, NY, USA, 247-259.

Change-Id: Ibeb6abc93ca40ad634df6ed5cf8becb0a49d1165
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/15215
Maintainer: Andreas Sandberg <andreas.sandberg@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Carvalho <odanrc@yahoo.com.br>

mem-cache: Added the Delta Correlating Prediction Tables Prefetcher

Reference:
Multi-level hardware prefetching using low complexity delta correlating
prediction tables with partial matching.
Marius Grannaes, Magnus Jahre, and Lasse Natvig. 2010.
In Proceedings of the 5th international conference on High Performance
Embedded Architectures and Compilers (HiPEAC'10)
Change-Id: I7b5d7ede9284862a427cfd5693a47652a69ed49d
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/16062
Reviewed-by: Daniel Carvalho <odanrc@yahoo.com.br>
Maintainer: Andreas Sandberg <andreas.sandberg@arm.com>

python: Don't assume SimObjects live in the global namespace

The importer in Python 3 doesn't like the way we import SimObjects
from the global namespace. Convert the existing SimObject declarations
to import from m5.objects. As a side-effect, this makes these files
consistent with configuration files.

Change-Id: I11153502b430822130722839e1fa767b82a027aa
Signed-off-by: Andreas Sandberg <andreas.sandberg@arm.com>
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/15981
Reviewed-by: Jason Lowe-Power <jason@lowepower.com>
Reviewed-by: Giacomo Travaglini <giacomo.travaglini@arm.com>

mem-cache: Updated version of the Signature Path Prefetcher

This implementation is based in the description available in:
Jinchun Kim, Seth H. Pugsley, Paul V. Gratz, A. L. Narasimha Reddy,
Chris Wilkerson, and Zeshan Chishti. 2016.
Path confidence based lookahead prefetching.
In The 49th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
(MICRO-49). IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, USA, Article 60, 12 pages.

Change-Id: I4b8b54efef48ced7044bd535de9a69bca68d47d9
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/14819
Reviewed-by: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>
Maintainer: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>

mem-cache: Access Map Pattern Matching Prefetcher

Implementation of the Access Map Pattern Matching prefetcher
Based in the description of the following paper:
Access map pattern matching for high performance data cache prefetch.
Ishii, Y., Inaba, M., & Hiraki, K. (2011).
Journal of Instruction-Level Parallelism, 13, 1-24.

Change-Id: I0d4b7f7afc2ab4938bdd8755bfed26e26a28530c
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/15096
Reviewed-by: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>
Maintainer: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>

mem-cache: Signature Path Prefetcher

Related paper:
Lookahead Prefetching with Signature Path
J Kim, PV Gratz, ALN Reddy
The 2nd Data Prefetching Championship (DPC2), 2015

Change-Id: I2319be2fa409f955f65e1bf1e1bb2d6d9a4fea11
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/14737
Reviewed-by: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Carvalho <odanrc@yahoo.com.br>
Maintainer: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>

mem-cache: virtual address support for prefetchers

Prefetchers can be configured to operate with virtual or physical addreses.
The option can be configured through the "use_virtual_addresses" parameter
of the Prefetcher object.

Change-Id: I4f8c3687988afecc8a91c3c5b2d44cc0580f72aa
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/14416
Maintainer: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Carvalho <odanrc@yahoo.com.br>
Reviewed-by: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>

mem-cache: Make StridePrefetcher use Replacement Policies

Previously StridePrefetcher was only able to use random
replacement policy. This change allows all replacement
policies to be applied to the pc table.

Change-Id: I8714e71a6a4c9c31fbca49a07a456dcacd3e402c
Signed-off-by: Daniel <odanrc@yahoo.com.br>
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/14360
Reviewed-by: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>
Maintainer: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>

mem-cache: Cleanup prefetchers

Prefetcher code had extra variables, dependencies
that could be removed, code duplication, and missing
overrides.

Change-Id: I6e9fbf67a0bdab7eb591893039e088261f52d31a
Signed-off-by: Daniel <odanrc@yahoo.com.br>
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/14355
Reviewed-by: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>
Maintainer: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>

mem-cache: implement a probe-based interface

The HW Prefetcher of a cache can now listen events
from their associated CPUs and from its own cache.

Change-Id: I28aecd8faf8ed44be94464d84485bd1cea2efae3
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/14155
Reviewed-by: Daniel Carvalho <odanrc@yahoo.com.br>
Reviewed-by: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>
Maintainer: Nikos Nikoleris <nikos.nikoleris@arm.com>

mem: Rework the structuring of the prefetchers

Re-organizes the prefetcher class structure. Previously the
BasePrefetcher forced multiple assumptions on the prefetchers that
inherited from it. This patch makes the BasePrefetcher class truly
representative of base functionality. For example, the base class no
longer enforces FIFO order. Instead, prefetchers with FIFO requests
(like the existing stride and tagged prefetchers) now inherit from a
new QueuedPrefetcher base class.

Finally, the stride-based prefetcher now assumes a custimizable lookup table
(sets/ways) rather than the previous fully associative structure.

mem: Dynamically determine page bytes in memory components

This patch takes a step towards an ISA-agnostic memory
system by enabling the components to establish the page size after
instantiation. The swap operation in the memory is now also allowing
any granularity to avoid depending on the IntReg of the ISA.

mem: Remove the GHB prefetcher from the source tree

There are two primary issues with this code which make it deserving of deletion.

1) GHB is a way to structure a prefetcher, not a definitive type of prefetcher
2) This prefetcher isn't even structured like a GHB prefetcher.
It's basically a worse version of the stride prefetcher.

It primarily serves to confuse new gem5 users and most functionality is already
present in the stride prefetcher.

mem: Allowed tagged instruction prefetching in stride prefetcher
For systems with a tightly coupled L2, a stride-based prefetcher may observe
access requests from both instruction and data L1 caches. However, the PC
address of an instruction miss gives no relevant training information to the
stride based prefetcher(there is no stride to train). In theses cases, its
better if the L2 stride prefetcher simply reverted back to a simple N-block
ahead prefetcher. This patch enables this option.

Committed by: Nilay Vaish <nilay@cs.wisc.edu>

mem: prefetcher: add options, support for unaligned addresses

This patch extends the classic prefetcher to work on non-block aligned
addresses. Because the existing prefetchers in gem5 mask off the lower
address bits of cache accesses, many predictable strides fail to be
detected. For example, if a load were to stride by 48 bytes, with 64 byte
cachelines, the current stride based prefetcher would see an access pattern
of 0, 64, 64, 128, 192.... Thus not detecting a constant stride pattern. This
patch fixes this, by training the prefetcher on access and not masking off the
lower address bits.

It also adds the following configuration options:
1) Training/prefetching only on cache misses,
2) Training/prefetching only on data acceses,
3) Optionally tagging prefetches with a PC address.
#3 allows prefetchers to train off of prefetch requests in systems with
multiple cache levels and PC-based prefetchers present at multiple levels.
It also effectively allows a pipelining of prefetch requests (like in POWER4)
across multiple levels of cache hierarchy.

Improves performance on my gem5 configuration by 4.3% for SPECINT and 4.7% for SPECFP (geomean).

sim: Include object header files in SWIG interfaces

When casting objects in the generated SWIG interfaces, SWIG uses
classical C-style casts ( (Foo *)bar; ). In some cases, this can
degenerate into the equivalent of a reinterpret_cast (mainly if only a
forward declaration of the type is available). This usually works for
most compilers, but it is known to break if multiple inheritance is
used anywhere in the object hierarchy.

This patch introduces the cxx_header attribute to Python SimObject
definitions, which should be used to specify a header to include in
the SWIG interface. The header should include the declaration of the
wrapped object. We currently don't enforce header the use of the
header attribute, but a warning will be generated for objects that do
not use it.

Mem: Use cycles to express cache-related latencies

This patch changes the cache-related latencies from an absolute time
expressed in Ticks, to a number of cycles that can be scaled with the
clock period of the caches. Ultimately this patch serves to enable
future work that involves dynamic frequency scaling. As an immediate
benefit it also makes it more convenient to specify cache performance
without implicitly assuming a specific CPU core operating frequency.

The stat blocked_cycles that actually counter in ticks is now updated
to count in cycles.

As the timing is now rounded to the clock edges of the cache, there
are some regressions that change. Plenty of them have very minor
changes, whereas some regressions with a short run-time are perturbed
quite significantly. A follow-on patch updates all the statistics for
the regressions.

mem: Add a master ID to each request object.

This change adds a master id to each request object which can be
used identify every device in the system that is capable of issuing a request.
This is part of the way to removing the numCpus+1 stats in the cache and
replacing them with the master ids. This is one of a series of changes
that make way for the stats output to be changed to python.

prefetcher: Make prefetcher a sim object instead of it being a parameter on cache