xref: /gem5/src/python/m5/params.py

# Copyright (c) 2004-2006 The Regents of The University of Michigan
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
# met: redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer;
# redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution;
# neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of its
# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
# this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
#
# Authors: Steve Reinhardt
#          Nathan Binkert

#####################################################################
#
# Parameter description classes
#
# The _params dictionary in each class maps parameter names to either
# a Param or a VectorParam object.  These objects contain the
# parameter description string, the parameter type, and the default
# value (if any).  The convert() method on these objects is used to
# force whatever value is assigned to the parameter to the appropriate
# type.
#
# Note that the default values are loaded into the class's attribute
# space when the parameter dictionary is initialized (in
# MetaSimObject._new_param()); after that point they aren't used.
#
#####################################################################

import copy
import datetime
import re
import sys
import time

import convert
import proxy
import ticks
from util import *

import SimObject

def isSimObject(*args, **kwargs):
    return SimObject.isSimObject(*args, **kwargs)

def isSimObjectSequence(*args, **kwargs):
    return SimObject.isSimObjectSequence(*args, **kwargs)

def isSimObjectClass(*args, **kwargs):
    return SimObject.isSimObjectClass(*args, **kwargs)

allParams = {}

class MetaParamValue(type):
    def __new__(mcls, name, bases, dct):
        cls = super(MetaParamValue, mcls).__new__(mcls, name, bases, dct)
        assert name not in allParams
        allParams[name] = cls
        return cls


# Dummy base class to identify types that are legitimate for SimObject
# parameters.
class ParamValue(object):
    __metaclass__ = MetaParamValue

    cxx_predecls = []
    swig_predecls = []

    # default for printing to .ini file is regular string conversion.
    # will be overridden in some cases
    def ini_str(self):
        return str(self)

    # allows us to blithely call unproxy() on things without checking
    # if they're really proxies or not
    def unproxy(self, base):
        return self

# Regular parameter description.
class ParamDesc(object):
    def __init__(self, ptype_str, ptype, *args, **kwargs):
        self.ptype_str = ptype_str
        # remember ptype only if it is provided
        if ptype != None:
            self.ptype = ptype

        if args:
            if len(args) == 1:
                self.desc = args[0]
            elif len(args) == 2:
                self.default = args[0]
                self.desc = args[1]
            else:
                raise TypeError, 'too many arguments'

        if kwargs.has_key('desc'):
            assert(not hasattr(self, 'desc'))
            self.desc = kwargs['desc']
            del kwargs['desc']

        if kwargs.has_key('default'):
            assert(not hasattr(self, 'default'))
            self.default = kwargs['default']
            del kwargs['default']

        if kwargs:
            raise TypeError, 'extra unknown kwargs %s' % kwargs

        if not hasattr(self, 'desc'):
            raise TypeError, 'desc attribute missing'

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        if attr == 'ptype':
            ptype = SimObject.allClasses[self.ptype_str]
            assert issubclass(ptype, SimObject.SimObject)
            self.ptype = ptype
            return ptype

        raise AttributeError, "'%s' object has no attribute '%s'" % \
              (type(self).__name__, attr)

    def convert(self, value):
        if isinstance(value, proxy.BaseProxy):
            value.set_param_desc(self)
            return value
        if not hasattr(self, 'ptype') and isNullPointer(value):
            # deferred evaluation of SimObject; continue to defer if
            # we're just assigning a null pointer
            return value
        if isinstance(value, self.ptype):
            return value
        if isNullPointer(value) and isSimObjectClass(self.ptype):
            return value
        return self.ptype(value)

    def cxx_predecls(self):
        return self.ptype.cxx_predecls

    def swig_predecls(self):
        return self.ptype.swig_predecls

    def cxx_decl(self):
        return '%s %s;' % (self.ptype.cxx_type, self.name)

# Vector-valued parameter description.  Just like ParamDesc, except
# that the value is a vector (list) of the specified type instead of a
# single value.

class VectorParamValue(list):
    __metaclass__ = MetaParamValue
    def ini_str(self):
        return ' '.join([v.ini_str() for v in self])

    def getValue(self):
        return [ v.getValue() for v in self ]

    def unproxy(self, base):
        return [v.unproxy(base) for v in self]

class SimObjVector(VectorParamValue):
    def print_ini(self, ini_file):
        for v in self:
            v.print_ini(ini_file)

class VectorParamDesc(ParamDesc):
    # Convert assigned value to appropriate type.  If the RHS is not a
    # list or tuple, it generates a single-element list.
    def convert(self, value):
        if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
            # list: coerce each element into new list
            tmp_list = [ ParamDesc.convert(self, v) for v in value ]
        else:
            # singleton: coerce to a single-element list
            tmp_list = [ ParamDesc.convert(self, value) ]

        if isSimObjectSequence(tmp_list):
            return SimObjVector(tmp_list)
        else:
            return VectorParamValue(tmp_list)

    def swig_predecls(self):
        return ['%%include "%s_vptype.i"' % self.ptype_str]

    def swig_decl(self):
        cxx_type = re.sub('std::', '', self.ptype.cxx_type)
        vdecl = 'namespace std { %%template(vector_%s) vector< %s >; }' % \
                (self.ptype_str, cxx_type)
        return ['%include "std_vector.i"'] + self.ptype.swig_predecls + [vdecl]

    def cxx_predecls(self):
        return ['#include <vector>'] + self.ptype.cxx_predecls

    def cxx_decl(self):
        return 'std::vector< %s > %s;' % (self.ptype.cxx_type, self.name)

class ParamFactory(object):
    def __init__(self, param_desc_class, ptype_str = None):
        self.param_desc_class = param_desc_class
        self.ptype_str = ptype_str

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        if self.ptype_str:
            attr = self.ptype_str + '.' + attr
        return ParamFactory(self.param_desc_class, attr)

    # E.g., Param.Int(5, "number of widgets")
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        ptype = None
        try:
            ptype = allParams[self.ptype_str]
        except KeyError:
            # if name isn't defined yet, assume it's a SimObject, and
            # try to resolve it later
            pass
        return self.param_desc_class(self.ptype_str, ptype, *args, **kwargs)

Param = ParamFactory(ParamDesc)
VectorParam = ParamFactory(VectorParamDesc)

#####################################################################
#
# Parameter Types
#
# Though native Python types could be used to specify parameter types
# (the 'ptype' field of the Param and VectorParam classes), it's more
# flexible to define our own set of types.  This gives us more control
# over how Python expressions are converted to values (via the
# __init__() constructor) and how these values are printed out (via
# the __str__() conversion method).
#
#####################################################################

# String-valued parameter.  Just mixin the ParamValue class with the
# built-in str class.
class String(ParamValue,str):
    cxx_type = 'std::string'
    cxx_predecls = ['#include <string>']
    swig_predecls = ['%include "std_string.i"\n' +
                     '%apply const std::string& {std::string *};']
    swig_predecls = ['%include "std_string.i"' ]

    def getValue(self):
        return self

# superclass for "numeric" parameter values, to emulate math
# operations in a type-safe way.  e.g., a Latency times an int returns
# a new Latency object.
class NumericParamValue(ParamValue):
    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.value)

    def __float__(self):
        return float(self.value)

    def __long__(self):
        return long(self.value)

    def __int__(self):
        return int(self.value)

    # hook for bounds checking
    def _check(self):
        return

    def __mul__(self, other):
        newobj = self.__class__(self)
        newobj.value *= other
        newobj._check()
        return newobj

    __rmul__ = __mul__

    def __div__(self, other):
        newobj = self.__class__(self)
        newobj.value /= other
        newobj._check()
        return newobj

    def __sub__(self, other):
        newobj = self.__class__(self)
        newobj.value -= other
        newobj._check()
        return newobj

# Metaclass for bounds-checked integer parameters.  See CheckedInt.
class CheckedIntType(MetaParamValue):
    def __init__(cls, name, bases, dict):
        super(CheckedIntType, cls).__init__(name, bases, dict)

        # CheckedInt is an abstract base class, so we actually don't
        # want to do any processing on it... the rest of this code is
        # just for classes that derive from CheckedInt.
        if name == 'CheckedInt':
            return

        if not cls.cxx_predecls:
            # most derived types require this, so we just do it here once
            cls.cxx_predecls = ['#include "sim/host.hh"']

        if not cls.swig_predecls:
            # most derived types require this, so we just do it here once
            cls.swig_predecls = ['%import "stdint.i"\n' +
                                 '%import "sim/host.hh"']

        if not (hasattr(cls, 'min') and hasattr(cls, 'max')):
            if not (hasattr(cls, 'size') and hasattr(cls, 'unsigned')):
                panic("CheckedInt subclass %s must define either\n" \
                      "    'min' and 'max' or 'size' and 'unsigned'\n" \
                      % name);
            if cls.unsigned:
                cls.min = 0
                cls.max = 2 ** cls.size - 1
            else:
                cls.min = -(2 ** (cls.size - 1))
                cls.max = (2 ** (cls.size - 1)) - 1

# Abstract superclass for bounds-checked integer parameters.  This
# class is subclassed to generate parameter classes with specific
# bounds.  Initialization of the min and max bounds is done in the
# metaclass CheckedIntType.__init__.
class CheckedInt(NumericParamValue):
    __metaclass__ = CheckedIntType

    def _check(self):
        if not self.min <= self.value <= self.max:
            raise TypeError, 'Integer param out of bounds %d < %d < %d' % \
                  (self.min, self.value, self.max)

    def __init__(self, value):
        if isinstance(value, str):
            self.value = convert.toInteger(value)
        elif isinstance(value, (int, long, float, NumericParamValue)):
            self.value = long(value)
        else:
            raise TypeError, "Can't convert object of type %s to CheckedInt" \
                  % type(value).__name__
        self._check()

    def getValue(self):
        return long(self.value)

class Int(CheckedInt):      cxx_type = 'int';      size = 32; unsigned = False
class Unsigned(CheckedInt): cxx_type = 'unsigned'; size = 32; unsigned = True

class Int8(CheckedInt):     cxx_type =   'int8_t'; size =  8; unsigned = False
class UInt8(CheckedInt):    cxx_type =  'uint8_t'; size =  8; unsigned = True
class Int16(CheckedInt):    cxx_type =  'int16_t'; size = 16; unsigned = False
class UInt16(CheckedInt):   cxx_type = 'uint16_t'; size = 16; unsigned = True
class Int32(CheckedInt):    cxx_type =  'int32_t'; size = 32; unsigned = False
class UInt32(CheckedInt):   cxx_type = 'uint32_t'; size = 32; unsigned = True
class Int64(CheckedInt):    cxx_type =  'int64_t'; size = 64; unsigned = False
class UInt64(CheckedInt):   cxx_type = 'uint64_t'; size = 64; unsigned = True

class Counter(CheckedInt):  cxx_type = 'Counter';  size = 64; unsigned = True
class Tick(CheckedInt):     cxx_type = 'Tick';     size = 64; unsigned = True
class TcpPort(CheckedInt):  cxx_type = 'uint16_t'; size = 16; unsigned = True
class UdpPort(CheckedInt):  cxx_type = 'uint16_t'; size = 16; unsigned = True

class Percent(CheckedInt):  cxx_type = 'int'; min = 0; max = 100

class Float(ParamValue, float):
    cxx_type = 'double'

    def getValue(self):
        return float(self.value)

class MemorySize(CheckedInt):
    cxx_type = 'uint64_t'
    size = 64
    unsigned = True
    def __init__(self, value):
        if isinstance(value, MemorySize):
            self.value = value.value
        else:
            self.value = convert.toMemorySize(value)
        self._check()

class MemorySize32(CheckedInt):
    cxx_type = 'uint32_t'
    size = 32
    unsigned = True
    def __init__(self, value):
        if isinstance(value, MemorySize):
            self.value = value.value
        else:
            self.value = convert.toMemorySize(value)
        self._check()

class Addr(CheckedInt):
    cxx_type = 'Addr'
    cxx_predecls = ['#include "arch/isa_traits.hh"']
    size = 64
    unsigned = True
    def __init__(self, value):
        if isinstance(value, Addr):
            self.value = value.value
        else:
            try:
                self.value = convert.toMemorySize(value)
            except TypeError:
                self.value = long(value)
        self._check()
    def __add__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, Addr):
            return self.value + other.value
        else:
            return self.value + other


class MetaRange(MetaParamValue):
    def __init__(cls, name, bases, dict):
        super(MetaRange, cls).__init__(name, bases, dict)
        if name == 'Range':
            return
        cls.cxx_type = 'Range< %s >' % cls.type.cxx_type
        cls.cxx_predecls = \
                       ['#include "base/range.hh"'] + cls.type.cxx_predecls

class Range(ParamValue):
    __metaclass__ = MetaRange
    type = Int # default; can be overridden in subclasses
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        def handle_kwargs(self, kwargs):
            if 'end' in kwargs:
                self.second = self.type(kwargs.pop('end'))
            elif 'size' in kwargs:
                self.second = self.first + self.type(kwargs.pop('size')) - 1
            else:
                raise TypeError, "Either end or size must be specified"

        if len(args) == 0:
            self.first = self.type(kwargs.pop('start'))
            handle_kwargs(self, kwargs)

        elif len(args) == 1:
            if kwargs:
                self.first = self.type(args[0])
                handle_kwargs(self, kwargs)
            elif isinstance(args[0], Range):
                self.first = self.type(args[0].first)
                self.second = self.type(args[0].second)
            else:
                self.first = self.type(0)
                self.second = self.type(args[0]) - 1

        elif len(args) == 2:
            self.first = self.type(args[0])
            self.second = self.type(args[1])
        else:
            raise TypeError, "Too many arguments specified"

        if kwargs:
            raise TypeError, "too many keywords: %s" % kwargs.keys()

    def __str__(self):
        return '%s:%s' % (self.first, self.second)

class AddrRange(Range):
    type = Addr
    swig_predecls = ['%include "python/swig/range.i"']

    def getValue(self):
        from m5.objects.params import AddrRange

        value = AddrRange()
        value.start = long(self.first)
        value.end = long(self.second)
        return value

class TickRange(Range):
    type = Tick
    swig_predecls = ['%include "python/swig/range.i"']

    def getValue(self):
        from m5.objects.params import TickRange

        value = TickRange()
        value.start = long(self.first)
        value.end = long(self.second)
        return value

# Boolean parameter type.  Python doesn't let you subclass bool, since
# it doesn't want to let you create multiple instances of True and
# False.  Thus this is a little more complicated than String.
class Bool(ParamValue):
    cxx_type = 'bool'
    def __init__(self, value):
        try:
            self.value = convert.toBool(value)
        except TypeError:
            self.value = bool(value)

    def getValue(self):
        return bool(self.value)

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.value)

    def ini_str(self):
        if self.value:
            return 'true'
        return 'false'

def IncEthernetAddr(addr, val = 1):
    bytes = map(lambda x: int(x, 16), addr.split(':'))
    bytes[5] += val
    for i in (5, 4, 3, 2, 1):
        val,rem = divmod(bytes[i], 256)
        bytes[i] = rem
        if val == 0:
            break
        bytes[i - 1] += val
    assert(bytes[0] <= 255)
    return ':'.join(map(lambda x: '%02x' % x, bytes))

_NextEthernetAddr = "00:90:00:00:00:01"
def NextEthernetAddr():
    global _NextEthernetAddr

    value = _NextEthernetAddr
    _NextEthernetAddr = IncEthernetAddr(_NextEthernetAddr, 1)
    return value

class EthernetAddr(ParamValue):
    cxx_type = 'Net::EthAddr'
    cxx_predecls = ['#include "base/inet.hh"']
    swig_predecls = ['%include "python/swig/inet.i"']
    def __init__(self, value):
        if value == NextEthernetAddr:
            self.value = value
            return

        if not isinstance(value, str):
            raise TypeError, "expected an ethernet address and didn't get one"

        bytes = value.split(':')
        if len(bytes) != 6:
            raise TypeError, 'invalid ethernet address %s' % value

        for byte in bytes:
            if not 0 <= int(byte) <= 256:
                raise TypeError, 'invalid ethernet address %s' % value

        self.value = value

    def unproxy(self, base):
        if self.value == NextEthernetAddr:
            return EthernetAddr(self.value())
        return self

    def getValue(self):
        from m5.objects.params import EthAddr
        return EthAddr(self.value)

    def ini_str(self):
        return self.value

time_formats = [ "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Z %Y",
                 "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Z %Y",
                 "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S",
                 "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M",
                 "%Y/%m/%d",
                 "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S",
                 "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M",
                 "%m/%d/%Y",
                 "%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S",
                 "%m/%d/%y %H:%M",
                 "%m/%d/%y"]


def parse_time(value):
    from time import gmtime, strptime, struct_time, time
    from datetime import datetime, date

    if isinstance(value, struct_time):
        return value

    if isinstance(value, (int, long)):
        return gmtime(value)

    if isinstance(value, (datetime, date)):
        return value.timetuple()

    if isinstance(value, str):
        if value in ('Now', 'Today'):
            return time.gmtime(time.time())

        for format in time_formats:
            try:
                return strptime(value, format)
            except ValueError:
                pass

    raise ValueError, "Could not parse '%s' as a time" % value

class Time(ParamValue):
    cxx_type = 'tm'
    cxx_predecls = [ '#include <time.h>' ]
    swig_predecls = [ '%include "python/swig/time.i"' ]
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = parse_time(value)

    def getValue(self):
        from m5.objects.params import tm

        c_time = tm()
        py_time = self.value

        # UNIX is years since 1900
        c_time.tm_year = py_time.tm_year - 1900;

        # Python starts at 1, UNIX starts at 0
        c_time.tm_mon =  py_time.tm_mon - 1;
        c_time.tm_mday = py_time.tm_mday;
        c_time.tm_hour = py_time.tm_hour;
        c_time.tm_min = py_time.tm_min;
        c_time.tm_sec = py_time.tm_sec;

        # Python has 0 as Monday, UNIX is 0 as sunday
        c_time.tm_wday = py_time.tm_wday + 1
        if c_time.tm_wday > 6:
            c_time.tm_wday -= 7;

        # Python starts at 1, Unix starts at 0
        c_time.tm_yday = py_time.tm_yday - 1;

        return c_time

    def __str__(self):
        return time.asctime(self.value)

    def ini_str(self):
        return str(self)

# Enumerated types are a little more complex.  The user specifies the
# type as Enum(foo) where foo is either a list or dictionary of
# alternatives (typically strings, but not necessarily so).  (In the
# long run, the integer value of the parameter will be the list index
# or the corresponding dictionary value.  For now, since we only check
# that the alternative is valid and then spit it into a .ini file,
# there's not much point in using the dictionary.)

# What Enum() must do is generate a new type encapsulating the
# provided list/dictionary so that specific values of the parameter
# can be instances of that type.  We define two hidden internal
# classes (_ListEnum and _DictEnum) to serve as base classes, then
# derive the new type from the appropriate base class on the fly.

allEnums = {}
# Metaclass for Enum types
class MetaEnum(MetaParamValue):
    def __new__(mcls, name, bases, dict):
        assert name not in allEnums

        cls = super(MetaEnum, mcls).__new__(mcls, name, bases, dict)
        allEnums[name] = cls
        return cls

    def __init__(cls, name, bases, init_dict):
        if init_dict.has_key('map'):
            if not isinstance(cls.map, dict):
                raise TypeError, "Enum-derived class attribute 'map' " \
                      "must be of type dict"
            # build list of value strings from map
            cls.vals = cls.map.keys()
            cls.vals.sort()
        elif init_dict.has_key('vals'):
            if not isinstance(cls.vals, list):
                raise TypeError, "Enum-derived class attribute 'vals' " \
                      "must be of type list"
            # build string->value map from vals sequence
            cls.map = {}
            for idx,val in enumerate(cls.vals):
                cls.map[val] = idx
        else:
            raise TypeError, "Enum-derived class must define "\
                  "attribute 'map' or 'vals'"

        cls.cxx_type = 'Enums::%s' % name

        super(MetaEnum, cls).__init__(name, bases, init_dict)

    def __str__(cls):
        return cls.__name__

    # Generate C++ class declaration for this enum type.
    # Note that we wrap the enum in a class/struct to act as a namespace,
    # so that the enum strings can be brief w/o worrying about collisions.
    def cxx_decl(cls):
        code = "#ifndef __ENUM__%s\n" % cls
        code += '#define __ENUM__%s\n' % cls
        code += '\n'
        code += 'namespace Enums {\n'
        code += '    enum %s {\n' % cls
        for val in cls.vals:
            code += '        %s = %d,\n' % (val, cls.map[val])
        code += '        Num_%s = %d,\n' % (cls, len(cls.vals))
        code += '    };\n'
        code += '    extern const char *%sStrings[Num_%s];\n' % (cls, cls)
        code += '}\n'
        code += '\n'
        code += '#endif\n'
        return code

    def cxx_def(cls):
        code = '#include "enums/%s.hh"\n' % cls
        code += 'namespace Enums {\n'
        code += '    const char *%sStrings[Num_%s] =\n' % (cls, cls)
        code += '    {\n'
        for val in cls.vals:
            code += '        "%s",\n' % val
        code += '    };\n'
        code += '}\n'
        return code

# Base class for enum types.
class Enum(ParamValue):
    __metaclass__ = MetaEnum
    vals = []

    def __init__(self, value):
        if value not in self.map:
            raise TypeError, "Enum param got bad value '%s' (not in %s)" \
                  % (value, self.vals)
        self.value = value

    def getValue(self):
        return int(self.map[self.value])

    def __str__(self):
        return self.value

# how big does a rounding error need to be before we warn about it?
frequency_tolerance = 0.001  # 0.1%

class TickParamValue(NumericParamValue):
    cxx_type = 'Tick'
    cxx_predecls = ['#include "sim/host.hh"']
    swig_predecls = ['%import "stdint.i"\n' +
                     '%import "sim/host.hh"']

    def getValue(self):
        return long(self.value)

class Latency(TickParamValue):
    def __init__(self, value):
        if isinstance(value, (Latency, Clock)):
            self.ticks = value.ticks
            self.value = value.value
        elif isinstance(value, Frequency):
            self.ticks = value.ticks
            self.value = 1.0 / value.value
        elif value.endswith('t'):
            self.ticks = True
            self.value = int(value[:-1])
        else:
            self.ticks = False
            self.value = convert.toLatency(value)

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        if attr in ('latency', 'period'):
            return self
        if attr == 'frequency':
            return Frequency(self)
        raise AttributeError, "Latency object has no attribute '%s'" % attr

    def getValue(self):
        if self.ticks or self.value == 0:
            value = self.value
        else:
            value = ticks.fromSeconds(self.value)
        return long(value)

    # convert latency to ticks
    def ini_str(self):
        return '%d' % self.getValue()

class Frequency(TickParamValue):
    def __init__(self, value):
        if isinstance(value, (Latency, Clock)):
            if value.value == 0:
                self.value = 0
            else:
                self.value = 1.0 / value.value
            self.ticks = value.ticks
        elif isinstance(value, Frequency):
            self.value = value.value
            self.ticks = value.ticks
        else:
            self.ticks = False
            self.value = convert.toFrequency(value)

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        if attr == 'frequency':
            return self
        if attr in ('latency', 'period'):
            return Latency(self)
        raise AttributeError, "Frequency object has no attribute '%s'" % attr

    # convert latency to ticks
    def getValue(self):
        if self.ticks or self.value == 0:
            value = self.value
        else:
            value = ticks.fromSeconds(1.0 / self.value)
        return long(value)

    def ini_str(self):
        return '%d' % self.getValue()

# A generic frequency and/or Latency value.  Value is stored as a latency,
# but to avoid ambiguity this object does not support numeric ops (* or /).
# An explicit conversion to a Latency or Frequency must be made first.
class Clock(ParamValue):
    cxx_type = 'Tick'
    cxx_predecls = ['#include "sim/host.hh"']
    swig_predecls = ['%import "stdint.i"\n' +
                     '%import "sim/host.hh"']
    def __init__(self, value):
        if isinstance(value, (Latency, Clock)):
            self.ticks = value.ticks
            self.value = value.value
        elif isinstance(value, Frequency):
            self.ticks = value.ticks
            self.value = 1.0 / value.value
        elif value.endswith('t'):
            self.ticks = True
            self.value = int(value[:-1])
        else:
            self.ticks = False
            self.value = convert.anyToLatency(value)

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        if attr == 'frequency':
            return Frequency(self)
        if attr in ('latency', 'period'):
            return Latency(self)
        raise AttributeError, "Frequency object has no attribute '%s'" % attr

    def getValue(self):
        return self.period.getValue()

    def ini_str(self):
        return self.period.ini_str()

class NetworkBandwidth(float,ParamValue):
    cxx_type = 'float'
    def __new__(cls, value):
        # convert to bits per second
        val = convert.toNetworkBandwidth(value)
        return super(cls, NetworkBandwidth).__new__(cls, val)

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.val)

    def getValue(self):
        # convert to seconds per byte
        value = 8.0 / float(self)
        # convert to ticks per byte
        value = ticks.fromSeconds(value)
        return float(value)

    def ini_str(self):
        return '%f' % self.getValue()

class MemoryBandwidth(float,ParamValue):
    cxx_type = 'float'
    def __new__(self, value):
        # we want the number of ticks per byte of data
        val = convert.toMemoryBandwidth(value)
        return super(cls, MemoryBandwidth).__new__(cls, val)

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.val)

    def getValue(self):
        # convert to seconds per byte
        value = 1.0 / float(self)
        # convert to ticks per byte
        value = ticks.fromSeconds(value)
        return float(value)

    def ini_str(self):
        return '%f' % self.getValue()

#
# "Constants"... handy aliases for various values.
#

# Special class for NULL pointers.  Note the special check in
# make_param_value() above that lets these be assigned where a
# SimObject is required.
# only one copy of a particular node
class NullSimObject(object):
    __metaclass__ = Singleton

    def __call__(cls):
        return cls

    def _instantiate(self, parent = None, path = ''):
        pass

    def ini_str(self):
        return 'Null'

    def unproxy(self, base):
        return self

    def set_path(self, parent, name):
        pass

    def __str__(self):
        return 'Null'

    def getValue(self):
        return None

# The only instance you'll ever need...
NULL = NullSimObject()

def isNullPointer(value):
    return isinstance(value, NullSimObject)

# Some memory range specifications use this as a default upper bound.
MaxAddr = Addr.max
MaxTick = Tick.max
AllMemory = AddrRange(0, MaxAddr)


#####################################################################
#
# Port objects
#
# Ports are used to interconnect objects in the memory system.
#
#####################################################################

# Port reference: encapsulates a reference to a particular port on a
# particular SimObject.
class PortRef(object):
    def __init__(self, simobj, name):
        assert(isSimObject(simobj) or isSimObjectClass(simobj))
        self.simobj = simobj
        self.name = name
        self.peer = None   # not associated with another port yet
        self.ccConnected = False # C++ port connection done?
        self.index = -1  # always -1 for non-vector ports

    def __str__(self):
        return '%s.%s' % (self.simobj, self.name)

    # for config.ini, print peer's name (not ours)
    def ini_str(self):
        return str(self.peer)

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        if attr == 'peerObj':
            # shorthand for proxies
            return self.peer.simobj
        raise AttributeError, "'%s' object has no attribute '%s'" % \
              (self.__class__.__name__, attr)

    # Full connection is symmetric (both ways).  Called via
    # SimObject.__setattr__ as a result of a port assignment, e.g.,
    # "obj1.portA = obj2.portB", or via VectorPortElementRef.__setitem__,
    # e.g., "obj1.portA[3] = obj2.portB".
    def connect(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, VectorPortRef):
            # reference to plain VectorPort is implicit append
            other = other._get_next()
        if self.peer and not proxy.isproxy(self.peer):
            print "warning: overwriting port", self, \
                  "value", self.peer, "with", other
        self.peer = other
        if proxy.isproxy(other):
            other.set_param_desc(PortParamDesc())
        elif isinstance(other, PortRef):
            if other.peer is not self:
                other.connect(self)
        else:
            raise TypeError, \
                  "assigning non-port reference '%s' to port '%s'" \
                  % (other, self)

    def clone(self, simobj, memo):
        if memo.has_key(self):
            return memo[self]
        newRef = copy.copy(self)
        memo[self] = newRef
        newRef.simobj = simobj
        assert(isSimObject(newRef.simobj))
        if self.peer and not proxy.isproxy(self.peer):
            peerObj = self.peer.simobj(_memo=memo)
            newRef.peer = self.peer.clone(peerObj, memo)
            assert(not isinstance(newRef.peer, VectorPortRef))
        return newRef

    def unproxy(self, simobj):
        assert(simobj is self.simobj)
        if proxy.isproxy(self.peer):
            try:
                realPeer = self.peer.unproxy(self.simobj)
            except:
                print "Error in unproxying port '%s' of %s" % \
                      (self.name, self.simobj.path())
                raise
            self.connect(realPeer)

    # Call C++ to create corresponding port connection between C++ objects
    def ccConnect(self):
        from m5.objects.params import connectPorts

        if self.ccConnected: # already done this
            return
        peer = self.peer
        connectPorts(self.simobj.getCCObject(), self.name, self.index,
                     peer.simobj.getCCObject(), peer.name, peer.index)
        self.ccConnected = True
        peer.ccConnected = True

# A reference to an individual element of a VectorPort... much like a
# PortRef, but has an index.
class VectorPortElementRef(PortRef):
    def __init__(self, simobj, name, index):
        PortRef.__init__(self, simobj, name)
        self.index = index

    def __str__(self):
        return '%s.%s[%d]' % (self.simobj, self.name, self.index)

# A reference to a complete vector-valued port (not just a single element).
# Can be indexed to retrieve individual VectorPortElementRef instances.
class VectorPortRef(object):
    def __init__(self, simobj, name):
        assert(isSimObject(simobj) or isSimObjectClass(simobj))
        self.simobj = simobj
        self.name = name
        self.elements = []

    def __str__(self):
        return '%s.%s[:]' % (self.simobj, self.name)

    # for config.ini, print peer's name (not ours)
    def ini_str(self):
        return ' '.join([el.ini_str() for el in self.elements])

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        if not isinstance(key, int):
            raise TypeError, "VectorPort index must be integer"
        if key >= len(self.elements):
            # need to extend list
            ext = [VectorPortElementRef(self.simobj, self.name, i)
                   for i in range(len(self.elements), key+1)]
            self.elements.extend(ext)
        return self.elements[key]

    def _get_next(self):
        return self[len(self.elements)]

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        if not isinstance(key, int):
            raise TypeError, "VectorPort index must be integer"
        self[key].connect(value)

    def connect(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, (list, tuple)):
            # Assign list of port refs to vector port.
            # For now, append them... not sure if that's the right semantics
            # or if it should replace the current vector.
            for ref in other:
                self._get_next().connect(ref)
        else:
            # scalar assignment to plain VectorPort is implicit append
            self._get_next().connect(other)

    def clone(self, simobj, memo):
        if memo.has_key(self):
            return memo[self]
        newRef = copy.copy(self)
        memo[self] = newRef
        newRef.simobj = simobj
        assert(isSimObject(newRef.simobj))
        newRef.elements = [el.clone(simobj, memo) for el in self.elements]
        return newRef

    def unproxy(self, simobj):
        [el.unproxy(simobj) for el in self.elements]

    def ccConnect(self):
        [el.ccConnect() for el in self.elements]

# Port description object.  Like a ParamDesc object, this represents a
# logical port in the SimObject class, not a particular port on a
# SimObject instance.  The latter are represented by PortRef objects.
class Port(object):
    # Port("description") or Port(default, "description")
    def __init__(self, *args):
        if len(args) == 1:
            self.desc = args[0]
        elif len(args) == 2:
            self.default = args[0]
            self.desc = args[1]
        else:
            raise TypeError, 'wrong number of arguments'
        # self.name is set by SimObject class on assignment
        # e.g., pio_port = Port("blah") sets self.name to 'pio_port'

    # Generate a PortRef for this port on the given SimObject with the
    # given name
    def makeRef(self, simobj):
        return PortRef(simobj, self.name)

    # Connect an instance of this port (on the given SimObject with
    # the given name) with the port described by the supplied PortRef
    def connect(self, simobj, ref):
        self.makeRef(simobj).connect(ref)

# VectorPort description object.  Like Port, but represents a vector
# of connections (e.g., as on a Bus).
class VectorPort(Port):
    def __init__(self, *args):
        Port.__init__(self, *args)
        self.isVec = True

    def makeRef(self, simobj):
        return VectorPortRef(simobj, self.name)

# 'Fake' ParamDesc for Port references to assign to the _pdesc slot of
# proxy objects (via set_param_desc()) so that proxy error messages
# make sense.
class PortParamDesc(object):
    __metaclass__ = Singleton

    ptype_str = 'Port'
    ptype = Port

__all__ = ['Param', 'VectorParam',
           'Enum', 'Bool', 'String', 'Float',
           'Int', 'Unsigned', 'Int8', 'UInt8', 'Int16', 'UInt16',
           'Int32', 'UInt32', 'Int64', 'UInt64',
           'Counter', 'Addr', 'Tick', 'Percent',
           'TcpPort', 'UdpPort', 'EthernetAddr',
           'MemorySize', 'MemorySize32',
           'Latency', 'Frequency', 'Clock',
           'NetworkBandwidth', 'MemoryBandwidth',
           'Range', 'AddrRange', 'TickRange',
           'MaxAddr', 'MaxTick', 'AllMemory',
           'Time',
           'NextEthernetAddr', 'NULL',
           'Port', 'VectorPort']